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Ai Taniguchi is a linguist specializing in formal semantics and pragmatics. Her University of Toronto Mississauga profile describes research on kinds of meaning beyond an utterance's literal main assertion, including social meaning and how context changes interpretation.^[ref]

This distinguishes what a sentence directly asserts from information conveyed through its use and context. Formal models make those proposed differences explicit enough to compare against linguistic examples. She is a coauthor of Essentials of Linguistics (2nd edition) by Catherine Anderson and others and uses comics and visual art for public communication about linguistics, as documented in the same institutional profile.

Catherine Anderson is a linguist at McMaster University who authored Essentials of Linguistics by Catherine Anderson and coauthored its expanded second edition. The first edition makes introductory phonetics concrete through articulator descriptions, consonant classification and the distinction between sounds and writing.^[ref]

Her institutional profile records a doctorate in linguistics from Northwestern University and describes work on teaching and accessibility in university learning.^[ref] Her textbook contribution supplies a route from everyday speech to explicit categories such as place of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing.

Cognitive science investigates the mind and intelligence by combining methods from disciplines including psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, computer science and artificial intelligence. Its scientific questions concern mechanisms of perceiving, learning, reasoning and acting, rather than just naming mental abilities.^[ref]

A computational model of cognition makes an account precise enough to compare with observations. For example, consider two hypotheses about people performing synchronous speech. One predicts that a designated follower always trails a leader by a constant interval $d$. Another allows both people to adjust their timing. Recording corresponding speech landmarks produces a sequence of signed timing differences; this can test whether the proposed constant-follower account fits the task.

Fred Cummins's paired-reading experiments supply a concrete connection between linguistics and quantitative behavioural measurement: corresponding speech events can be closely aligned, and both speakers adjust their timing relative to individual readings.^[ref]

A successful behavioural prediction does not uniquely identify a neural mechanism. Combining task performance, explicit models and independent physiological measurements helps distinguish explanations that agree on one observable. The field's different methods constrain one another without requiring every question to be answered at the same descriptive level.

Michael K. Tanenhaus is a researcher in psycholinguistics associated with the University of Rochester. Its directory identifies his interests in language and reading comprehension and his emeritus appointment in brain and cognitive sciences and linguistics.^[ref]

With Michael Spivey, Kathleen M. Eberhard and Julie Sedivy, he developed experiments connecting eye tracking to interpretation of spoken instructions. Their 1995 study used real objects and a head-mounted tracker; varying the visible referents altered how a temporarily ambiguous instruction was interpreted.^[ref] This visual world paradigm makes the time course of sentence comprehension experimentally accessible. A fixation is evidence about allocation of attention during a controlled task; it must be interpreted through the alternatives available to the participant.