Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2007 iii Paper 9 5 iii Solution 2026-10-14
Since Lipschitz functions are continuous, the feasible class here is smaller, giving . To prove the reverse inequality, take any continuous feasible pair and perform Lipschitz regularization of transport potentials:The minimum exists by compactness. For every the triangle inequality gives ; interchanging proves . Thus has Lipschitz constant at most .
The original constraint yields , and evaluating the minimum at gives . Moreover, , so is a feasible Lipschitz pair withTaking the supremum over the original continuous pairs proves . Notice that this is an exact regularization, with no density or approximation assumption about the initial pair.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2007 iii Paper 9 5 iv Solution 2026-10-14
Every function with Lipschitz constant at most yields a feasible pair , and replacing by reverses the objective. HenceConversely, the Lipschitz regularization of transport potentials in part iii dominates every feasible pair by with , so . Together with the preceding parts this proves the Kantorovich–Rubinstein theorem here in all four requested forms:The seminorm convention is essential. If instead meant , the equality would fail: on a two-point space at distance , with point masses at the two different points, whereas the latter unit-ball supremum is . Indeed, an oscillation needs supremum norm at least and Lipschitz constant , so the sum norm bounds by , attained by values . This distinguishes the Lipschitz seminorm used above from a full bounded-Lipschitz norm.