Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2008 ii Paper 2 13B b Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
At , write , so . Multiplying the stationary equation by gives . The endpoint values and vanishing endpoint derivatives make . For the decreasing connection,Separate variables and absorb the integration constant into a translation . The logistic front of a bistable cubic equation isIt approaches on the left and on the right and satisfies the stationary differential equation directly.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 iii Paper 75 2 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Write the reaction term as and assume . At , multiply the stationary travelling-wave reduction of a reaction-diffusion system by and integrate once. Since at both asymptotic phases and , the integration constant is zero:The boundary orientation selects . Separating variables gives the logistic front of a bistable cubic equation, with arbitrary center :The arbitrary translation is expected from translation invariance.
To develop the requested perturbation theory, let with signed , introduce slow time , and put . Seekwhere . The explicit derivative of is second order. Since , the first-order equation isDifferentiation of gives . The self-adjoint differential operator has this decaying translation mode, and at both ends because the phases remain exactly and . Multiplying the first-order equation by and integrating by parts makes its left side zero. Therefore the translation-mode solvability for a bistable front requiresBoth integrals can be evaluated without a special-function formula. The decreasing profile takes from to and has , soandThe resulting speed isThis derives the velocity by the Fredholm solvability condition, rather than substituting a guessed speed.
With this value, the forcing actually cancels pointwise: . Thus . The decaying kernel is only the translation direction: an independent solution is , which grows at at least one infinity. Fixing the center by consequently gives . In this particular bistable cubic reaction-diffusion equation the absence of shape deformation holds to all orders. Indeed , and the exact moving-frame equation has left side . Thereforeis the exact front for every . For , and the phase advances to the right; for the phase advances to the left. The small-bias speed is consistent with the prescribed scaling.