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The Löb axiom $\square (\square A\to A)\to \square A$ over normal modal logic already implies $\square X\to \square \square X$. Put $C=\square X\wedge X$. Distribution gives $\square C\to \square X$, hence $X\to (\square C\to C)$. Necessitation and distribution give $\square X\to \square (\square C\to C)$; the Löb axiom gives $\square C$, which implies $\square \square X$.

A logical fixed point is a formula or sentence equivalent to the result of applying a specified formula operation to itself. In arithmetic, self-reference is mediated by a Gödel number and the diagonal lemma, yielding a first-order sentence $G$ with a provable equivalence $G\leftrightarrow H(┌G┐)$. In modal logic, a modal formula $A$ satisfies $A\leftrightarrow F(A)$ modulo the chosen logic. A merely true semantic equivalence is weaker than a specified provable or canonical construction, so its hypotheses must be kept distinct.

A modal logic extends propositional connectives by operators such as $\square$ and its dual $◊A=\neg \square \neg A$. An interpretation determines their meaning: necessity, knowledge and formal provability lead to different axiom systems. In a relational semantics, $\square A$ holds at a world when $A$ holds at every accessible world. Provability logic interprets the box through arithmetically coded proofs.