Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2025 iii Paper 133 3 d Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24
Choose a finite generating set of . A -geodesic between two elements of maps under the inclusion to a uniform quasigeodesic in because is quasi-isometrically embedded. Since is a hyperbolic group, the Morse lemma for quasi-geodesics gives a constant such that this quasigeodesic and the ambient geodesic with the same endpoints have Hausdorff distance at most . Every vertex of the former lies in , so the latter lies in the closed -neighborhood of . Therefore is a quasiconvex subgroup.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2026 iii Paper 133 4 a Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24
Let be a -quasi-isometry to a tree. The image under of every geodesic segment in is a -quasigeodesic in . By the Morse lemma for quasi-geodesics, it lies within a constant of the tree geodesic with the same endpoints.
Consider a geodesic triangle in . A point on one side maps within of the corresponding side of the comparison triangle in . Every geodesic triangle in a tree is -thin, so that comparison side is contained in the other two sides. Those two tree sides are in turn within of the images of the other two sides of the original triangle. Hence some point on one of those sides satisfiesThe lower quasi-isometry inequality givesThus is Gromov-hyperbolic metric space with .
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2026 iii Paper 133 4 b Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24
Retain the -quasi-isometry and the Morse lemma for quasi-geodesics constant . Given , let be the midpoint of a geodesic . There is a point on the tree geodesic with
For any continuous path from to , choose a partition fine enough that consecutive are at distance at most one. Consecutive images under are then at distance at mostRemoving separates from in the tree along their geodesic, so this finite -chain must contain an element within of . For the corresponding ,The lower quasi-isometry inequality yieldsThis constant depends only on the chosen quasi-isometry, so every quasi-tree has the bottleneck property.