Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2019 ii Paper 1 23H e Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-29
For integer , define . The assumed monotonicity in givesfor every . Apply the monotone convergence theorem on with counting measure:The function is itself nondecreasing, and the positive integers are cofinal in as , so its limit over real equals its limit over integer . Therefore
Without monotonicity, takeFor each fixed , , so the sum of the pointwise limits is zero. At every , however, exactly one term is one, so and its limit is one. This moving-spike obstruction to interchanging a limit and an infinite sum gives the required counterexample.