Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2006 iii Paper 72 3 iv b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
For an axisymmetric gravitational lens, the reduced deflection is . The specified mean lensing convergence therefore givesThe derivative is smallest at the centre, where . If , the mapping is monotone and an offset source has only one image. If , the derivative is negative near zero and positive at large radius, producing two stationary points and a range of source offsets with three images. Thus the condition for a nonempty multiple-image region isThis condition permits multiple images; a particular source must additionally lie inside the multiple-image caustic of a softened isothermal lensing potential. At equality the critical radii collapse to the origin and there is no finite three-image region.