Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2006 iii Paper 21 3 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Let have real rank , choose a bundle metric, and write for its disk and sphere bundles. In a multiplicative generalized cohomology theory, a Thom class in a generalized cohomology theory is a classwhose restriction to each fiber pair is the suspension of the coefficient unit under the chosen oriented identification. Equivalently, it is a fiberwise generator over the coefficient ring compatible with the -orientation. Cup product with this class gives the Thom isomorphism theoremwhere is the base.
Let be the zero section and let forget relative supports. The Euler class in a generalized cohomology theory isEquivalently, identify relative cohomology with reduced cohomology of the Thom space and pull its Thom class back along the zero section followed by the quotient map.
Suppose is a nowhere-zero section. Normalize it to . The mapsgive a homotopy within from to the sphere-valued section . The image restricts to zero on , by the exact sequence of the pair. Homotopy invariance therefore yieldsThus a nowhere-zero section annihilates generalized Euler classes:The argument uses the actual nowhere-zero section and is valid for any chosen Thom orientation in the multiplicative theory.