Network address translation maps IP addresses between address realms. State and path constraints can affect sessions. Network address and port translation additionally maps transport ports. Translation does not itself require decryption of application payloads.[ref]
Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT) (RFC 3022). Abstract and §§1–2: address and port translation, state and limitations
Network address and port translation permits several internal addresses and transport ports to share an external address by maintaining distinct translated bindings. Losing a binding can disrupt an exchange even when the application endpoints retain their own state.
Port forwarding configures a mapping from an external transport port to an internal service, allowing selected inbound traffic through a translator.
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