Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 312 2 ii Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Use signed one-dimensional external momenta , with nonzero . Let be the linear cosmological density power spectrum at the time of evaluation, normalized by . Using absorbs the factor multiplying a product of three initial power spectra. All kernels below are symmetrized one-dimensional cosmological density kernels.
The connected B222 contribution to the one-loop matter bispectrum has a triangular Feynman diagram: each second-order external field has two Gaussian inputs, joined pairwise to the other two vertices. The connected B411 contribution to the one-loop matter bispectrum has a fourth-order vertex joined to both linear external fields, with its remaining two inputs contracted into a loop at that vertex. External stubs indicate the measured momenta; blue internal lines represent linear power spectra.
There are connected Wick contractions in the triangle, givingFor a fixed fourth-order external field, attaching the two labelled linear fields gives choices; the remaining pair contracts uniquely. ThereforeThese are contributions to the reduced connected one-loop matter bispectrum, with its external momentum-conserving Dirac delta function removed. Disconnected contractions have a zero external momentum and are excluded.
For the ultraviolet behaviour, the three denominators multiply to a negative square. In factThus for and a smoothly varying high-momentum spectrum,Each second-order vertex exhibits the ultraviolet softness of the second-order density kernel, so this term contains six powers of external momentum.
The fourth-order kernel is even simpler:With a hard-loop cutoff , defineThe B411 contribution to the one-loop matter bispectrum from this range is exactlyFor fixed momentum ratios, it has two external derivative powers multiplying two long-mode power spectra, rather than the six-derivative stochastic structure of . It is the leading deterministic UV-sensitive contribution for external modes below the nonlinear wavenumber. This is a comparison of derivative orders and generic cutoff sensitivity; an arbitrary specially chosen spectrum or vanishing shape can change their numerical ranking. A convergent integral can still depend on nonperturbative short scales. For a high- power law , the integral diverges for , whereas the integral diverges only for , with logarithmic divergences at the thresholds.
At the field level, there are six ways to contract a hard pair within . Comparing with givesThe appropriate second-order density Laplacian counterterm is thereforeIndeed its contribution with two linear fields is , which cancels the displayed hard-loop term. The counterterm sign follows from . Its finite coefficient must be matched to short-scale dynamics, as in the effective field theory of large-scale structure. A term proportional to similarly renormalizes a linear response, but a purely linear insertion cannot by itself cancel this shape, since an odd Gaussian three-point function vanishes.
