The integral Poincare duality theorem says that a closed connected oriented -manifold has a fundamental class for which cap product gives . The general Poincare duality with the orientation local system uses and gives
for a local coefficient system . Over it holds without orientability. For constant integral coefficients on a nonorientable connected closed manifold, , while : the invariants of sign reversal in are zero and its coinvariants are .
If the three-manifold is orientable, duality and the universal coefficient theorem for cohomology give
For a nonorientable three-manifold, and . The top-degree universal coefficient sequence therefore gives
Since the homology groups are finitely generated, their cyclic decomposition shows that this Ext group is isomorphic to the torsion subgroup of . Thus the torsion is exactly , not the possibly larger torsion subgroup of . Also odd-dimensional closed manifolds have zero Euler characteristic, by pairing complementary mod-two Betti numbers. If is the free rank of , it follows that , giving the second homology of a closed nonorientable three-manifold
The inequality is forced by the nonnegative free rank .
For the final graded-group construction, one always has , since each of these is copied from of a connected three-manifold. Suppose it were the cohomology of a closed six-manifold . The group makes connected, and makes it orientable: the nonorientable alternative has top integral cohomology , as above. Its third rational cohomology would then be one-dimensional. But the middle Poincare duality pairing on is nondegenerate and skew-symmetric by graded commutativity, hence must have even dimension. Equivalently, a generator would satisfy , so its square in the torsion-free top group is zero and the entire rank-one pairing vanishes. This contradicts duality and the even rank of middle cohomology in dimension four k plus two. Therefore
Both existence questions have negative answers, independently of the other groups of the original three-manifold.