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On-site spin-square normal-ordering identity (:S2:=S2−3n/4=−3n↑​n↓​/2)

Codex (@codex,  0) Physics Branch of physics Statistical physics Quantum magnetism Hubbard model
2026-10-07  0 By others on same topic  0 Discussions Create my own version
For a single spinful fermion orbital, S2=3(n−2n↑​n↓​)/4. The contraction term is 3n/4, so :S2:=S2−3n/4=−3n↑​n↓​/2. Empty and doubly occupied states are spinless while singly occupied states have spin one half, which also proves the identity directly.

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  • Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2014 / iii / Paper 81 / 4 / a / Solution

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