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The space $\mathrm{End}(V)$ becomes a Lie algebra under the commutatorA Lie subalgebra $L$ is abelian when $[L,L]=0$; nilpotent when its Lower central series of a Lie algebra ${\gamma }_{r+1}=[L,{\gamma }_r]$ reaches zero; and soluble when its derived series of a Lie algebra $L^{(r+1)}=[L^{(r)},L^{(r)}]$ reaches zero.

If $H⊊L$ and $L$ is nilpotent, choose the least $r$ with ${\gamma }_r(L)\subseteq H$. Then ${\gamma }_{r-1}(L)⊈H$, whileThus the normalizer of a Lie subalgebra strictly contains $H$. If $H$ is maximal proper, its normalizer must be all of $L$, so $H$ is an ideal. Solubility is insufficient: in the two-dimensional affine Lie algebra $L=⟨x,y⟩$ with $[x,y]=y$, the maximal subalgebra $\mathbb{C}x$ is not an ideal.

A derivation of a Lie algebra is a linear map $D$ satisfyingIt is inner when $D=\mathrm{ad}z$ for some $z\in L$.

Every nonzero finite-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra has an outer derivation of a nilpotent Lie algebra. Choose a codimension-one maximal subalgebra $K$; it is an ideal by the result above, and write $L=K\oplus \mathbb{C}z$. The centralizer $C_L(K)$ is nonzero because it contains $Z(L)$. Let $n$ be largest such thatand choose $z_0\in C_L(K)\setminus {\gamma }_{n+1}(L)$. DefineBecause $K$ is an ideal and $z_0$ centralizes $K$, the derivation identity holds on $K\times K$ and on $z\times K$, hence everywhere. If $D=\mathrm{ad}x$, then $D(K)=0$ would put $x$ in $C_L(K)\subseteq {\gamma }_n(L)$, socontrary to the choice of $z_0$. Thus $D$ is outer.

The analogous assertion fails for soluble algebras. In the affine example, a derivation hasand equals $\mathrm{ad}(dx-by)$. Thus every derivation is inner although $L$ is nonzero and soluble.