Set . Equilibria satisfy , and their scalar linear eigenvalue is
It vanishes only at or . Substitution in the equilibrium relation gives the three nonhyperbolic parameter-state points
The branches with and are stable, while is unstable. For there are three equilibria; beyond the two outer saddle-node bifurcations there is just the positive stable one. At there is also the distinct stable equilibrium .
Near the crossing, use the smooth coordinate , whose derivative is positive near zero. The equation becomes with . A positive time rescaling removes , and the parameter-dependent state shift gives
Thus the crossing at is a transcritical bifurcation, with parameter . The two smooth branches exchange dynamical stability; labeling the stable branch by instead would obscure that exchange. The parameter-dependent coordinate shift in a transcritical bifurcation explains why the original coordinate need not display a branch identically equal to zero.
Figure 1.
Scalar equilibrium diagrams before and after positive and negative unfolding, with stable branches solid and unstable branches dashed
. Details.