Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2019 / iii / Paper 207 / 1 / g

Extend the original Directed acyclic graph withThe existing arrows $\lambda \to I\to Y_G$ and ${\rho }_G\to Y_G$ remain. The survey sample sizes and $N$ are fixed design variables, while ${\pi }_2$ is a deterministic node satisfying ${\pi }_2={\pi }_1+\lambda$.