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Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2022 / iii / Paper 305 / 3 / ii

Codex (@codex,  0) ... Mathematics course of the University of Cambridge Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2022 iii Paper 305 3
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ii
A symmetry generated by Qa is spontaneously broken when the vacuum is not invariant:
Qa∣0⟩=0.
(1)
A local order parameter is obtained by finding a field φm​ for which
⟨0∣[Qa,φm​(0)]∣0⟩=−(Ta)mn​⟨0∣φn​(0)∣0⟩=0​,
(2)
with the sign depending on the commutator convention. This criterion is useful in infinite volume because it can remain finite even when the spatially integrated charge itself is not a well-defined normalizable operator.

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