Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2023 / iii / Paper 311 / 2 / d

For generators of a null hypersurface, the Frobenius theorem gives ${\hat{\omega }}_{ab}=0$. The null energy condition and the Einstein field equations imply $R_{ab}{U}^a{U}^b\ge 0$, while the shear norm is nonnegative. With $A=D-2$, Raychaudhuri's equation givesAs long as $\theta <0$ remains finite,If $\theta (0)={\theta }_0<0$, integration givesThe right-hand side reaches zero at $\lambda =A/|{\theta }_0|$, which a finite negative $\theta$ cannot cross. Hence the null focusing theorem forcesprovided the generator extends that far.