Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2024 / iii / Paper 324 / 2 / b / iv / Solution

Attach a quantum ancilla prepared with amplitudeon $|1⟩$; this is possible because $p>1/4$. Mark a state as good only when both the original success qubit and this ancilla equal one. The enlarged state's good probability is $p{c}^2=1/4$, so its good amplitude is $1/2=\sin (\pi /6)$. One amplitude amplification iteration rotates the angle from $\pi /6$ to $3\pi /6=\pi /2$. It therefore prepares $|{\psi }_1⟩$ exactly, after which the flag and ancillary qubits may be discarded. This is an instance of exact amplitude amplification.