Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2007 iii Paper 85 2 d Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Assume the cycle has least period and nonzero periodic-orbit multiplier . It then avoids zero. Combining the iterate identity with the periodic-orbit multiplier-sign formula givesThus makes return after iterates, whereas gives . In the latter case oddness on the noncritical orbit impliesTo prove the least periods, note that a cycle cannot contain two distinct points and : evenness would give them the same image, but permutes its distinct cycle points bijectively. Therefore the absolute values in the cycle are distinct. Since , any return under must occur at a multiple of . For the first such return fails because , so is minimal. Hence the period transfer from a quadratic map to its Lorenz sign lift isThere are two symmetry-related cycles in the positive case and one cycle containing both signs in the negative case. Away from zero , so their periodic-orbit multipliers are and , respectively. A stable cycle therefore gives stable lifted cycles in both cases.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2007 iii Paper 85 2 e Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
The positive fixed point of has periodic-orbit multiplier . At , and the periodic-orbit multiplier crosses . Factoring the second-iterate fixed-point equation givesThe second factor yields a two-cycleIt exists for and has periodic-orbit multiplier . Its stability range is , so undergoes a supercritical period-doubling bifurcation at . At the two-cycle is and its periodic-orbit multiplier is zero, making it superstable.
For positive and , direct composition gives the local second iterateThe one-sided limits at zero are opposite, and agree with zero exactly when in this neighborhood. There is continuous at zero and fixes it. Thus the local return branch has the same discontinuity-closing transition as the map in part (a), with effective parameter crossing zero.
Local second-iterate Lorenz return maps near zero, showing the discontinuity close and reverse at parameter one
. Details. For , both are positive and the period transfer from a quadratic map to its Lorenz sign lift gives the two stable cyclesFor , and , so the periodic-orbit multiplier of the cycle is negative and the lifted orbit isIt is one stable four-cycle. Hence the gluing of cycles in an iterated Lorenz map givesEquivalently, changes from two small stable fixed points to a stable small two-cycle . At the critical value itself, the actual convention gives , , : the surviving critical two-cycle is , and is preperiodic. This critical itinerary must be evaluated directly, not with part (b)'s noncritical sign product.
There is also a precise qualification to the printed use of “continuous”. The whole second iterate is not continuous everywhere at : , while and . Jumps persist at the nonzero preimages of the original discontinuity. Therefore the stated global-bifurcation criterion holds for the return map restricted to a neighborhood of zero, as in the sketches; if continuity on all of is demanded literally, the claim about needs that restriction. The orbit creation and destruction above is unaffected.
