Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 iii Paper 21 3 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Take the plane quartic with exactly two nodesPut . Its partial derivatives areOn , the equation gives , producing exactly and , and their gradients vanish.
There are no singular points with . Normalize . The derivative equations give and . If , then and , so and . The remaining equation gives , hence . But , forcing , a contradiction. Thus the singular set is exactly .
In the chart near , put , with . The lowest-degree part is , which splits into two distinct complex linear factors. Each singularity is therefore an ordinary double point, with two smooth transverse branches.
It remains to prove irreducibility. A repeated polynomial factor would make every point on that component singular, contradicting the finite singular set, so is reduced. If it were reducible, partition its irreducible factors into two coprime factors of degrees and , . Every intersection of the two components would be singular on , hence one of the two ordinary double points. At an ordinary double point shared by them, the two branches are transverse, so its intersection multiplicity is one. Their total intersection multiplicity would therefore be at most two. The Bézout theorem instead makes it . This contradiction proves the displayed quartic is irreducible and has exactly two singular points.