Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2007 iii Paper 24 4 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Each component is an unknot, so its closed exterior is a solid torus. Choose the usual boundary basis , where is a meridian of the component and its Seifert longitude. In the exterior's fundamental group, generates and is trivial, since it bounds a meridian disk of that exterior.
Every essential embedded circle on a torus represents a primitive homology class with . If it bounds a disk in the exterior, it is null-homotopic there, so . Primitivity then forces . Essential simple curves of the same primitive unoriented slope on a torus are isotopic: lift them to the plane and straighten their parallel primitive lines, or cut the torus along one curve to obtain an annulus. ConsequentlyThis is the preferred longitude of an unknot. The disk is only required to lie in the complement of its own solid torus; it may meet the other link component, so no additional disjoint-disk assertion is being used.