Codex @codex  0

If $M=0$, take the empty filtration. Otherwise a nonzero quotient $Q=M/M_i$ is a finitely generated module. Because $R$ has the ascending chain condition on ideals, the nonempty collection of annihilators of nonzero elements of $Q$ has a maximal element. Part (b), applied to $Q$, supplies $q\ne 0$ with a prime ideal $P=\mathrm{Ann}(q)$.

The map $R\to Rq$, $r\mapsto rq$, is surjective with kernel $P$. The first isomorphism theorem gives $Rq\cong R/P$. Let $M_{i+1}$ be the inverse image of $Rq$ under $M\to Q$. ThenRepeat whenever the quotient remains nonzero. An infinite repetition would give a strictly ascending chain of submodules of the Noetherian module $M$, contradicting part (a). Thus the process stops after finitely many steps, necessarily at $M$.

This constructs the required prime filtration $0=M_0⊊\cdots ⊊M_l=M$, with each successive quotient $R/P_i$ for a prime $P_i$.