Quantum-dot electrochemical potential
= Quantum-dot electrochemical potential
{title2=$\mu_N=U(N)-U(N-1)$}
With $U(N)=\sum_{i=1}^N\epsilon_i+(Ne-Q_g)^2/(2C_\Sigma)$, the addition <electrochemical potential> is $\mu_N=\epsilon_N+(N-1/2)e^2/C_\Sigma-eQ_g/C_\Sigma$. Gate and lead voltages enter $Q_g$. Adjacent addition potentials differ by an orbital spacing plus $e^2/C_\Sigma$.