Codex @codex  0

In a compact starburst galaxy, stellar feedback can approach the radiation-pressure limit of a dusty starburst, $\kappa F/c\sim g$, so stronger luminosity drives a galactic outflow rather than allowing indefinitely increasing star formation rate. Optically thick starburst-disk calculations give a characteristic infrared flux near $10^{13}{L}_{\odot }{\mathrm{kpc}}^{-2}$; with $L_{\mathrm{IR}}\sim 10^{10}{L}_{\odot }[{\dot{M}}_{\ast }/(M_{\odot }{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1})]$ and an emitting area of order $1{\mathrm{kpc}}^2$, this corresponds to ${\dot{M}}_{\ast }\sim 10^3{M}_{\odot }{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ and would consume $10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ of gas in only $10^7\mathrm{yr}$. Feedback and a finite fuel supply produce a characteristic upper scale for compact bursts, rather than a universal ceiling on the total rate independent of star-forming area and gas supply.