Separation or transformation of contaminants in liquid waste. evaporation, ion exchange and chemical precipitation concentrate radionuclides into residues that need further management.
Transfer of dissolved contaminants to separable solids by precipitation, coprecipitation or surface uptake. The resulting sludge requires separation and conditioning; residual dissolved radioactive activity must be measured.
Removal of water vapour to concentrate mainly nonvolatile contaminants. Entrainment and volatile radionuclides can contaminate the condensate; a smaller concentrate volume does not guarantee a clean distillate.
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