= Rayleigh interferometer
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A Rayleigh interferometer compares optical paths through a sample and a reference. A path-length difference $\Delta\ell$ shifts the interference phase by $2\pi\Delta\ell/\lambda$. In <analytical ultracentrifugation>, sample and reference sectors produce concentration-dependent fringe shifts, allowing radial concentration scans without requiring the solute to absorb at the probe wavelength.<Optical Systems Used for AUC by Beckman Coulter Life Sciences>[Rayleigh interference optics: reference sector, refractive-index difference and fringe displacement]{ref}
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