Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2022 iii Paper 156 1 d Solution 2026-09-28
Take the genus-two surface obtained from a regular hyperbolic octagon fundamental polygon by identifying opposite sides. Rotation of the octagon through respects the side pairing and descends to an orientation-preserving isometry of order eight. Thus acts on andThe fixed image of the octagon centre explains why this does not contradict part c.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 ib Paper 1 2E Solution Created 2026-09-23 Updated 2026-09-25
After the sides are identified in pairs, the polygonal-schema Euler count gives one face, edges and some number of vertices. The Euler characteristic of a closed orientable genus- surface is , so
For genus two, take a regular octagon in the Poincare disc model and identify each side with its opposite side, with the orientation reversed along the boundary. One cyclic labelling isThe quotient has , , and , hence Euler characteristic and genus two. All eight vertices become one point, so smoothness requires their angles to sum to . Each interior angle is consequentlyEquivalently, the hyperbolic polygon area formula shows that the regular hyperbolic octagon fundamental polygon has areaas required by the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for a genus-two surface of curvature .