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 Incoming links: Scalar-QED photon-tadpole symmetry factor

Past exam of the advanced quantum field theory for particle physics course of the University of Oxford / 2017 / 1 / b / Solution 2026-10-25
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The one-particle-irreducible scalar two-point function has three one-loop topologies: a scalar-photon exchange loop built from two cubic vertices; a photon tadpole at one seagull vertex; and a scalar tadpole at one quartic vertex. The last is absent when λ=0. Reducible chains of self-energy insertions belong to the Dyson expansion and are not additional one-loop self-energy graphs. The scalar-QED photon-tadpole symmetry factor is 1/2 because its two identical photon legs are joined; the oriented complex-scalar tadpole has no such identical-real-line factor.
Figure 1.
One-loop scalar self-energy topologies and tree-level quark-antiquark annihilation
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