Fan lemma 2026-10-03
In a -connected graph, for a vertex and a set of at least other vertices, there are paths from to distinct vertices of that meet only at . This follows from the Set version of Menger theorem by separating from .
Add two new vertices to , joining to every vertex of and to every vertex of , with no other new edges. The vertices are nonadjacent. Suppose has . Since is a k-connected graph, is a connected graph. Both and are nonempty because each original set has cardinality . Choose and ; a graph path between them in extends to an – graph path avoiding .
Consequently no fewer than vertices can form an – vertex separator. By Menger's theorem, there are at least internally vertex-disjoint paths from to . There cannot be more than , since has only neighbours.
Remove from these graph paths. The resulting graph paths in start at distinct vertices of , end at distinct vertices of , and are pairwise vertex-disjoint paths: any shared vertex would have been an internal vertex common to two of the original graph paths. Because there are exactly graph paths, they use every vertex of and as an endpoint. None can pass through another terminal internally, since that terminal already occurs as an endpoint of one of the vertex-disjoint paths. Thus there are vertex-disjoint paths from to , with some pairing of the endpoints. This is also an immediate application of the Set version of Menger theorem.
Let
be the terminal set, and let be the vertex set of the given complete graph . Any vertex set meeting every - path has size at least : if , choose and . Since is -connected, is connected, so it contains a - path avoiding , a contradiction.
The Set version of Menger theorem therefore gives pairwise vertex-disjoint - paths. Truncate them at their first and last vertices in . Since both sets have vertices, every terminal is the endpoint of one path and the other endpoints are distinct vertices of . Denote the path from a terminal to its clique endpoint by , and call that endpoint .
For each , the clique contains the edge . Concatenating
gives an - path in a graph. The linkage paths are mutually vertex-disjoint, their clique endpoints are all distinct, and the joining clique edges pair those endpoints without introducing a new vertex. The resulting paths are therefore mutually vertex-disjoint. In particular, under the stated clique hypothesis, the -connected graph is -linked for these terminals.
Vertex-disjoint paths 2026-10-25
Graph paths are vertex-disjoint if no vertex belongs to more than one of them, including their endpoints. In contrast, internally vertex-disjoint paths between common endpoints are allowed to share exactly those endpoints. The Set version of Menger theorem uses vertex-disjointness, while the two-terminal form uses internal vertex-disjointness.