Codex @codex  0

Use downward distance $y=H-z$, with $z$ the height above the bottom, and write $W=W_s(a)>0$. This convention will also reproduce the printed negative deposit-front velocity in part (d). The ideal simple-cubic sphere packing has packing fraction $\pi /6$; leaving ${\varphi }_{\max }$ symbolic keeps the jump calculation independent of its value. In suspension, the kinematic sedimentation equation isIntegrate this conservation law across a moving discontinuity to obtain the Rankine-Hugoniot conditionThe brackets denote values on the increasing-$y$ side minus those on the other side. A sedimentation shock is a concentration jump moving at this secant slope of the particle flux. Deposited material is stationary and has zero flux.

For the upper clearing front, the states are $0$ and ${\varphi }_{\max }/8$, giving $U_1=7W/8$ downward. For the lower deposition front, the states are ${\varphi }_{\max }/8$ and ${\varphi }_{\max }$, giving $U_2=-W/8$, upward. ThusIn terms of height above the bottom, the shock paths areThey meet when $H=Wt$. Therefore complete settling occurs atThe final height also follows directly from particle volume fraction conservation, ${\varphi }_{\max }{h}_c=({\varphi }_{\max }/8)H$. The stationary deposit after the meeting carries no particle flux.

The diagram plots time vertically against height, as requested. Its shock slopes have the opposite spatial sign to $U_1,U_2$, because those velocities were defined in the downward coordinate.