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A researcher in metacognition who proposed that subjective confidence depends on the consistency of evidence supporting an answer. In his self-consistency model, people can confidently choose a wrong answer when the accessible evidence consistently favors it. This separates the mechanism producing confidence from the external criterion used to judge its accuracy.^[ref]

A researcher who coauthored experiments relating heartbeat-timing performance to functional brain measurements. Combining a bodily signal with a perceptual task helped distinguish interoception from subjective confidence alone.^[ref]

Research contributions include the primary work cited below.^[ref]

Stephen M. Fleming studies metacognition, including computational accounts of how people evaluate decisions. With Nathaniel D. Daw, he formulated self-evaluation as an inference about a decision system that is related to, but distinguishable from, the system generating the choice. This framework can represent differences between task performance and subjective confidence, turning a verbal claim about self-awareness into predictions about observable choices and confidence reports. ^[ref]