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By Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Publisher: Thermo Fisher Scientific.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: www.thermofisher.com/hk/en/home/brands/thermo-scientific/molecular-biology/molecular-biology-learning-center/basic-principles-rt-qpcr.html

Cited passages: One-step vs. Two-step RT-qPCR and Controls for RT-qPCR: minus-reverse-transcription control; RNA as the Starting Material and Reverse Transcriptase Enzymes.

Technical education material issued and hosted by Thermo Fisher Scientific. No personal author or publication or revision date is established.

Official article: www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/na-electrophoresis-education/na-electrophoresis-considerations.html

Cited passages: Effects of conformation: Supercoiled vs circular vs linear DNA in gel electrophoresis; Figure 1 caption: same DNA in nicked circular, linear and supercoiled forms.

Technical education material issued and hosted by Thermo Fisher Scientific. No personal author or publication or revision date is established.

Official article: www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/na-electrophoresis-education/na-electrophoresis-workflow.html

Cited passages: Step 1, Selection and gel preparation; Recommended percentage of agarose gels for separation of DNA fragments; Figure 3 caption: same DNA ladder in 1%, 2%, 3% gels, same conditions including run time; Step 2, Nucleic acid ladder selection guidelines; Step 4, Sample visualization, Fluorescent dyes.

By Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Publisher: Thermo Fisher Scientific.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/pcr-education/pcr-reagents-enzymes/pcr-cycling-considerations.html

Cited passages: PCR cycle number determination and Figure 7: lowered efficiency and plateau from reaction-component depletion and by-products.

Additional cited passages: Template DNA denaturation assessment, paragraphs 1 and 3–6; DNA denaturation considerations, paragraph 1; Primer annealing optimization, opening, calculated-setting and nonspecific-product paragraphs; Primer extension considerations, paragraphs 1 and 3. No human byline or publication or revision date was verified.

By Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Publisher: Thermo Fisher Scientific.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: videos.thermofisher.com/detail/video/4896138740001/principles-of-pcr

Cited passages: Principles of PCR, accompanying description: denaturation, annealing, primer-dependent extension and dNTP incorporation.

Additional cited passages: accompanying Description, first three paragraphs, strand separation, complementary primer binding, enzyme-dependent extension temperature, dNTP incorporation and two-step cycling. Accompanying text was inspected; frame-by-frame video viewing is not asserted. No human byline or publication or revision date was verified.

By Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Publisher: Thermo Fisher Scientific.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/pcr/real-time-pcr/real-time-pcr-learning-center/real-time-pcr-basics.html

Cited passages: Real-Time PCR Basics: amplification monitoring and quantification.