= Titrant standardization
<Titrant standardization> determines the actual <titrant> <concentration> by reaction with a known inventory, often a <primary standard>. It is distinct from calibrating the delivered <volume (thermodynamics)> or a <glass electrode>'s response. For a known <monoprotic acid> inventory $n_s$ and a suitable blank-corrected endpoint,
$$
c_B=\frac{n_s}{V_{\mathrm{end}}-V_{\mathrm{blank}}}.
$$
An original illustrative standard of $0.980\,\mathrm{mmol}$ requiring $9.85\,\mathrm{mL}$, with matched blank $0.05\,\mathrm{mL}$, gives $c_B=0.100\,\mathrm{mol\,L^{-1}}$. The measured quantities here are stipulated examples. Independent <solution preparation and volumetric calibration> tests the <pipette>, <burette>, and <volumetric flask>; <titrant standardization> tests the reacting inventory per delivered <volume (thermodynamics)>.
The useful chain is known <mass>, known composition, known <amount of substance>, and then a measured <titre> through a specified <stoichiometry>. If each standard unit consumes $r$ units of <titrant>, the general inventory equation is $c_BV=r n_s$, where $V$ is the corrected <titre>. The one-to-one formula above has $r=1$. A <titration endpoint> supplies an observable stopping rule; whether it represents the <equivalence point> accurately remains a separate question. <Standardization endpoint and blank bias> makes the direction of the resulting error explicit.
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