Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2004 iii Paper 9 5 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
An explicit disk map of a slit half disk makes the two boundary approaches visible without assuming an extension theorem for the boundary. We construct the map as a succession of bijections and then determine its limits.
First maps the upper half-disc of radius two bijectively onto slit along . Indeed, its inverse chooses the square root whose argument lies in . The removed segment on the imaginary axis becomes , so the image of is preciselyThe Möbius transformation maps the radius-four disc bijectively onto the unit disc, taking to zero and to one. This follows also by writing it as , an automorphism of the unit disk after the scaling. It takes the removed real interval to , so the image is the unit disc with this radial slit removed. Choosing defines a single-valued square root and maps that slit disc bijectively ontoAll these maps have nonzero derivatives on their respective domains, since their potentially problematic zero or branch point is on the removed slit.
Next the Joukowski map is a conformal bijection from onto the lower half-plane. For ,If , then , and rules out the second factor vanishing. To prove surjectivity, take in the lower half-plane and consider . Neither root lies on the unit circle, where is real. Their product is one, so exactly one has modulus less than one. For that root the displayed imaginary-part identity forces . Thus it lies in . Also cannot vanish there. Finally maps the lower half-plane bijectively onto the unit disc: the inequality is exactly , and its inverse is . Consequentlyis a conformal bijection of onto the disc.
At the slit point the continuous rational expression for tends to . In a sufficiently small neighborhood of , points of have nonzero real part. Since and the real-coefficient Möbius map preserves the sign of the imaginary part, right-side approach gives , while left-side approach gives . HenceThe two limits of are thereforeThey have modulus one and are distinct, since and the Möbius map is injective on the extended real line. The two-sided cluster set at an interior slit point is a geometric consequence of opening the slit into two boundary intervals.
Two sides of the slit at i/2 become distinct boundary points after squaring, a disk automorphism and a square root
. Details. For the given map , the composition is an automorphism of the unit disk. To see its precise boundary behavior, let and compose with the inverse of . This gives a disc automorphism fixing zero. Applying Schwarz lemma to it and its inverse shows it is a rotation. ThusIts denominator never vanishes on the closed disc, and its inverse has the same property; it therefore extends to a continuous bijection of the unit circle. Put and . These are distinct points of that circle, independent of the approaching sequence.
For any sequence approaching , every infinite right-side subsequence has image tending to , and every infinite left-side subsequence has image tending to . At least one side occurs infinitely often. Conversely, any convergent image subsequence has a further subsequence confined to one side, so its limit must be the corresponding one of these two points. The cluster set is therefore exactly , or , according to which sides occur infinitely often. Both sides really occur in the domain, for example along with positive .
