= Violation-of-expectation method
Presenting outcomes predicted to be congruent or incongruent with a proposed expectation and comparing looking responses. In <false belief> research, manipulating an agent’s visual access while controlling actual object location helps distinguish belief-based predictions from direct reality tracking. Longer looking is an indirect measure requiring alternative explanations to be tested.<Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? by Kristine H. Onishi and Renée Baillargeon>[Science 308, 255–258; green/yellow boxes, true- and false-belief induction and test reaches]{ref}
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