Knowledge of word forms, meanings and their uses. Number of recognised words and depth or flexibility of knowledge are different dimensions.
Learning about unfamiliar words during engagement with text without direct vocabulary instruction. Small encounter-level gains can be measurable, but long-term extrapolations depend on reading amount, prior knowledge and test sensitivity.[ref]
Learning Words from Context by William E. Nagy and others. Reading Research Quarterly 20, 233–253; incidental word knowledge after reading natural text and limited extrapolation
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