With both ice accumulation and ice ablation removed, the equation is and the conserved volume is , where .
If the thickness and extent scales are and , mass conservation gives , while the flow equation gives . Therefore and . Set , , with a possible virtual time origin . The similarity solution satisfies
Integration and regular zero total flux at the apex give , hence the positive profile is
with dry bed beyond the front. Volume normalization gives
so the volume-conserving conical ice-current similarity solution has
The terminus has finite thickness and is a shock wave in the gravity-only kinematic wave equation. The Rankine-Hugoniot condition gives , exactly agreeing with the similarity extent. The characteristic speed behind the front is , larger than its speed, while the dry-bed characteristic speed is zero, so the front is compressive and gives an entropy solution.
This solution describes the long-time spreading, rather than exactly matching the earlier steady profile at the instant snowfall stops. The initial transient can be described by the characteristic transformation for conical ice drainage: with starting point , put ; then
where characteristics remain smooth. Subsequent crossings are resolved by the same conservation and entropy conditions. Restoring the neglected local pressure gradient would smooth the idealized front.
Figure 1.
Steady accumulation profile and volume-conserving spreading on a cone
. The steady ice cap ends at three halves of the snowline distance. After accumulation and ablation cease, the long-time gravity-only similarity profile spreads outward and has a finite-thickness front. Both panels use the same conserved ice volume.