Open determinacy 2026-10-06
An infinite game of perfect information with an open set of winning plays for I in the product topology on a discrete move set has a winning strategy in an infinite game for one player. Construct a winning-position attractor in an infinite game by transfinite recursion; ranks give I a terminating descent strategy inside it, and its complement gives II a strategy avoiding every winning prefix. The move set need not be countable, in the usual set theory with axiom of choice.
For a finite position , let be the cylinder set of infinite plays extending . Because the factors have the discrete topology, these cylinder sets form a basis for the product topology. Put
Membership in means that I has already secured the outcome, regardless of future moves. Since is an open set, a play belongs to exactly when one of its prefixes belongs to .
Build the winning-position attractor in an infinite game by transfinite recursion. Start with , use unions at limit ordinals, and set
This sequence is increasing: the defining operation is order-preserving, and . It stabilizes at some ordinal. Indeed, if it strictly increased at every successor stage below the successor cardinal number of , choosing one newly added position per stage would inject that larger cardinal into . Denote the stable set by . This constructs the needed fixed point directly, without an appeal to an unstated fixed-point theorem.
Every position in has a least entry ordinal, its rank. Rank zero means membership in . A positive rank is a successor : at an I-position some extension belongs to , while at a II-position every extension does. If the empty word belongs to , I always chooses an extension of smaller rank until is reached. II's choices also decrease rank before that happens. There is no infinite strictly decreasing sequence of ordinals, so some finite prefix lies in . This is a winning strategy in an infinite game for I.
If the empty word is outside , the fixed point equation says that every extension of an I-position outside is still outside , and that a II-position outside has at least one extension outside . II chooses such an extension. Every resulting prefix avoids , hence the whole play avoids by openness. This is a winning strategy in an infinite game for II.
The choices can be made simultaneously by fixing a well-order of , as allowed by the usual axiom of choice. The argument does not assume that is countable. Every such open game is determined: