Classical shadows are a concept in quantum information theory that relate to the efficient representation of quantum states and the extraction of useful information from them. The idea is primarily associated with the work of researchers in quantum computing and quantum machine learning. In classical shadow protocols, a quantum state is represented in a way that allows for the efficient sampling of properties of the state without needing to fully reconstruct the state itself. This is particularly useful because directly measuring or reconstructing quantum states can be computationally expensive and resource-intensive.
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