 Complex systems theory

Complex systems theory is an interdisciplinary framework used to study systems with many interconnected components that interact in various ways, leading to emergent behavior that cannot be easily understood by simply examining the individual parts. This theory is applicable in various fields such as physics, biology, economics, sociology, computer science, and ecology, among others. Key characteristics of complex systems include: 1. **Non-linearity**: The output of a complex system is not directly proportional to its input.