A Coulomb crystal is a state of matter formed by ions that are confined by electromagnetic fields and interact with each other through Coulomb (electrostatic) forces. This phenomenon occurs in systems where charged particles, such as ions or electrons, are cooled to very low temperatures, allowing them to arrange themselves into a regular, periodic lattice structure, similar to the arrangement of atoms in a crystal. Coulomb crystals can be observed in ion traps, where charged particles are manipulated and confined by electric fields.
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