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Exception to the Madelung energy ordering rule
ID: exception-to-the-madelung-energy-ordering-rule
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Exception to the Madelung energy ordering rule
by
Ciro Santilli
37
Updated
2025-07-16
The most notable exception is the borrowing of
3
d-orbital
electrons
to
4
s
as
in
chromium
, leading to
a
3d5 4s1 configuration instead of the 3d4 4s2
we
would have with the rule.
TODO
how is that observed observed experimentally?
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