{tag=Physical Review Letters article}
{title2=1961}
{title2=Bascom S. Deaver, Jr.}
{title2=William M. Fairbank}

Paywalled at: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.43

The first published experimental observation of the <magnetic flux quantum>.

The paper that follows it in the journal is also of interest, "Theoretical Considerations Concerning Quantized Magnetic Flux In Superconducting Cylinders" by N. Byers and C. N. Yang, it starts:
> In a recent experiment, the magnetic flux through a superconducting ring has been found to be quantized in units of ch/2e. Quantization in twice this unit has been briefly discussed by London' and by Onsager. ' Onsager' has also considered the possibility of quantization in units ch/2e due to pairs of electrons forming quasi-bosons.
So there was some previous confusion about the flux quantum due to the presence of <Cooper pairs> or not.

Dumping the fitures at: https://archive.org/details/experimental-evidence-for-quantized-flux-in-superconducting-cylinders One day we can also dump the paper scans when it goes into the public domain in 2056! <Public domain scientific paper by year>.

\Image[https://archive.org/download/experimental-evidence-for-quantized-flux-in-superconducting-cylinders-fig.-1/Experimental%20Evidence%20for%20Quantized%20Flux%20in%20Superconducting%20Cylinders%20Fig.%201.png]
{title=Figure 1 of <Experimental Evidence for Quantized Flux in Superconducting Cylinders>}
{description=
The legend reads:
> (Upper) Trapped flux in cylinder No. 1 as a function of magnetic field in which the cylinder was cooled below the superconducting transition. temperature. The open circles are individual data points. The solid circles represent th, e average value of all data points at a particular value of applied field including all the points plotted and additional data which could not be plotted due to severe overlapping of points. Approximately two hundred data points are represented. The lines are drawn at multiples of hc/2e.

  (Lower) Net flux in cylinder No. 1 before turning off the applied field in which it was cooled as a function of the applied field. Open and solid circles have the same significance as above. The lower line is the diamagnetic calibration to which all runs have been normalized. The other lines are translated vertically by successive steps of hc/2e.
}

\Image[https://archive.org/download/experimental-evidence-for-quantized-flux-in-superconducting-cylinders-fig.-1/Experimental%20Evidence%20for%20Quantized%20Flux%20in%20Superconducting%20Cylinders%20Fig.%202.png]
{title=Figure 2 of <Experimental Evidence for Quantized Flux in Superconducting Cylinders>}
{description=
The legend reads:
> (Upper) Trapped flux in cylinder No. 2 as a function of magnetic field in which the cylinder was cooled below the superconducting transition temperature. The circles and triangles indicate points for oppositely directed applied fields. Lines are drawn at multiples of hc/2e.

  (Lower) Net flux in cylinder No. 2 before turning off the applied field as a function of the applied field. The circles and triangles are points for oppositely directed applied fields. The lower line is the diamagnetic calibration to which all runs have The other been normalized. lines are translated vertically by successive steps of hc/2e.
}


Experimental evidence for quantized flux in superconducting cylinders

ID: experimental-evidence-for-quantized-flux-in-superconducting-cylinders