 Graph data structures

Graph data structures are a mathematical representation used to capture relationships between pairs of objects. A graph consists of two fundamental components: 1. **Vertices (or Nodes)**: These are the individual entities or points in the graph. Each vertex represents an object in the data set. 2. **Edges**: These are the connections or relationships between the vertices. An edge can connect two vertices and may represent various types of associations, such as friendship in social networks, pathways in maps, or relationships in databases.