{wiki=Hall_effect}

The Hall effect is a phenomenon observed in electrical conductors and semiconductors when they are placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of an electric current. It was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879. When a current-carrying conductor is subjected to a magnetic field, the motion of the charged particles (such as electrons) in the conductor is affected by the magnetic field.


Hall effect

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The voltage changes perpendicular to the current when magnetic field is applied.

\Image[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Hall_Effect_Measurement_Setup_for_Electrons.png]
{title=<Hall effect> experimental diagram}
{description=The <Hall effect> refers to the produced voltage $V_H$, AKA $V_y$ on this setup.}

An intuitive video is:

\Video[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Hall_Sensor.webm/Hall_Sensor.webm.480p.vp9.webm]

The key formula for it is:
$$
V_{H} = \frac{I_x B_z}{n t e}
$$
where:
* $I_x$: current on x direction, which we can control by changing the voltage $V_x$
* $B_z$: strength of transversal <magnetic field> applied
* $n$: <charge carrier density>, a property of the material used
* $t$: height of the plate
* $e$: <electron charge>

Applications:
* the direction of the effect proves that electric currents in common electrical conductors are made up of negative charged particles
* <magnetometer>[measure magnetic fields], TODO vs other methods

Other more precise non-classical versions:
* <quantum Hall effect>

Bibliography:
* http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/Hall.html


 Hall effect

ID: hall-effect