https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/I03244

Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition Allen J. Bard, Larry R. Faulkner.

Principles of Instrumental Analysis 6th Edition by Douglas A. Skoog

\Comment[[
== Electrochemistry
{scope}
=== Open Circuit Potential
An electrochemical cell's "open circuit potential" is defined as the potential measured when current is absent and no external voltage has been applied. It is also referred to as the "equilibrium electrode potential" or "thermodynamic potential" when the electrochemical cell undergoes a reversible reaction. In this case, both the half-cells are at equilibrium.

The term "equilibrium electrode potential" doesn't imply that the reactans (chemical compounds on both the half-cells) wouldn't react hazardly when the circuit becomes closed. It indicates the reversibility of the process. This reversibility applies when the reaction consumes negligible reactans compared to the activities present.

Discharging the cell through an infinite load resistance would be a reversible process. This potential different is always the equilibrium value (no current was present through the circuit, thus no potential drop was observed either).

When the circuit closes, electrons will start flowing from the low potential region to the highest one. Thus if the open circuit potential is positive, we know that the reactions corresponding to this potential is spontaneous.
]]


 Ion Selective Electrodes (References)

ID: ion-selective-electrodes/ion-selective-electrodes-references