An irreversible process is a physical or chemical change that cannot be reversed under the same conditions without leaving changes in the system or its surroundings. In an irreversible process, the system evolves from an initial state to a final state, and that transition cannot be undone without an external intervention or without the addition of work or energy. Key characteristics of irreversible processes include: 1. **Spontaneity**: Irreversible processes occur spontaneously in nature.
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