 Laminar–turbulent transition

Laminar-turbulent transition refers to the process by which the flow of a fluid changes from a smooth, orderly state (laminar flow) to a chaotic, irregular state (turbulent flow). This transition is a key phenomenon in fluid dynamics and has significant implications in various fields, including aerodynamics, engineering, meteorology, and environmental science. ### Key Concepts: - **Laminar Flow**: In laminar flow, fluid particles move in parallel layers with minimal mixing between them.