 Mathematical descriptions of opacity

Opacity, in a mathematical context, often refers to the measure of how impenetrable a medium is to electromagnetic radiation, such as light. This concept is important in various fields such as astrophysics, materials science, and computer graphics. Below are some mathematical frameworks and concepts used to describe opacity: ### 1. **Attenuation Coefficient** The attenuation of light as it passes through a medium can be described using an exponential decay model.