 Monad (functional programming)

In functional programming, a **Monad** is a design pattern that provides a way to structure computations. It encapsulates values along with a type of computation, allowing for functions to be chained or composed while abstracting away certain operations. Monads help manage side effects (like state, I/O, exceptions, or asynchronous operations) in a functional way, enabling a clean separation of concerns. ### Key Concepts of Monads: 1. **Type Constructor**: A Monad is defined for a specific type.